Welcome
back to our blog for the new year. On
this Martin Luther King, Jr. day, I am re-sharing some personal thoughts. In 1991 I delivered
the commencement address at Western Washington University. Because I was honored to have Martin Luther
King, Jr. as my commencement speaker back in 1963, I chose to treat my address
as a conversation through time from Dr. King's words to me at my graduation -
filtered through my life's experiences over the years – then to the young
audience of new graduates as they embarked on their own journey and continued
the conversation with their own generation.
I thought I would once again share this experience with my readers.
Personal Reflections on
the Influence of Martin Luther King’s Commencement Address Two Months Before
the 1963 March on Washington
I first
learned about the March on Washington from Martin Luther King, Jr. who was the
commencement speaker at my June 1963 graduation from the College of the City of
New York. With the 50th anniversary of the historic march on Washington coming
up on August 28th, I have been thinking about that commencement event that
occurred just two months before the march and the effect that it was to have on
my life. In fact, the events of those years had a profound influence on who I
was to become as a person. They shaped my social conscience. They shaped the
kind of moral questions that I continue to raise in my life even today. And they
shaped the type of choices that I made in my life--- my decision to be a
teacher, my decision to study philosophy - seriously and deeply, my decision to
try to raise the old Socratic questions about the good life and the just
society that Socrates raised 2500 years ago and which Dr. King was to raise
later under a different set of circumstances, at a different moment in history,
to my generation. Ultimately, it led to the creation of the Journal of
Educational Controversy and this blog.
In 1991, I was asked to deliver my own commencement address at Western
Washington University as that year’s recipient of the university’s teaching
award. The address gave me an opportunity to think about the nature of such
speeches and their purpose. I decided to take a different approach from the
traditional ones that are delivered at most commencements. Rather than viewing
my own commencement address as an event in time and space - a talk given on the
morning of December 14, 1991 in a small university town, I chose to treat it as
a conversation that occurs through time - from Dr. King's words to me at my
graduation - filtered through my life's experiences over the years – then to
the young audience of new graduates as they embarked on their own journey and
continued the conversation with their own generation. It was in a sense a
conversation from one generation to the next about the questions that are
central to why we educate - questions about the kind of persons we become - and
ultimately, questions about the kind of community we create. It is a
conversation, I might add, that is sadly lacking in the public debate of our
time. One has only to listen to the media each night to see how far we are from
a true conversation on these questions.
I remember first talking about the nature of an authentic conversation and ways
that it differs from the many false versions of it, for example, political
conversations that have been increasingly reduced to a manipulation of the
voter through effective 90 second sound-bites over the airwaves where issues
become mere vehicles for projecting images rather than the source of concerned
social debate. I remember talking about the way conversations about public
education in this country have become increasingly articulated in a language in
which impersonal, technical thinking dominates -- generating an educational
ethos in which ethics as a category of discussion is largely suppressed. The
liberal language of social action and social critique has been more and more
reduced to a language of social control. But even those conversations which
seem to affirm human agency and assert liberal values become emptied of their
content when they are used inauthentically. The same words that can be used in
a genuine, meaningful public debate can also be used to silence. Earlier in the
last century, the American philosopher and educator, John Dewey expressed
this concern when he wrote:
Even
when the words remain the same they mean something very different when they are
uttered by a minority struggling against repressive measures and when expressed
by a group that, having attained power, then uses ideas that were once weapons
of emancipation as instruments for keeping the power and wealth it has
obtained. Ideas that at one time are means of producing social change assume
another guise when they are used as a means of preventing further social
change.1
I pondered with my young audience about the nature of a more authentic
conversation. For one thing, a conversation is not something that can be
received or transmitted from one person to another; it has to be entered into;
it has to be engaged in. Furthermore, it establishes a certain kind of
relationship between us and the other - a relationship in which both remain as
subjects and neither are objectified and dehumanized by being made into an
object for the other. Essentially, there are two features I distinguished:
First, to enter into a true conversation requires us to really hear the other.
We often listen but we seldom really hear. To understand the world of the
other, whether the other is in the present or in the past, is to understand the
ways the other has come to give meaning to our common experience, to understand
the categories and concepts that shape its sense of social reality. It means to
see the other, as much as is possible, from the inside - from a different
reference point from our own. As the philosopher, Cora Diamond describes it,
"Coming to understand a conceptual life other than our own involves
exercise of concepts belonging to that life. When I understand what you say, I
am using concepts internal to your thought."2 It is to appreciate what it
means for persons or cultures to have such concepts as live notions governing
their being in the world.
For example, only now are many of us beginning to comprehend our fragile
relationship with our planet as the ozone slowly depletes and our rivers and
lakes pollute. Our 19th century optimism about progress, science and
technology, our dominion over the earth left us with a language and a conceptual
framework that blocked us from seeing another way of relating to the earth. But
ironically, it is a way that Jamake Highwater, of the Blackfeet Nation, talks
about in his book, The Primal Mind: Vision and Reality in Indian
America.3 When one enters into his world, words like "wilderness"
take on a whole different meaning. Indeed, Highwater talks about the alienation
he felt in seeing the way certain ideas he had grown up with found their way
into English words. When thinking about what is implied by our word,
"wilderness," he writes, "After all, the forest is not 'wild' in
the sense that it is something needing to be tamed or controlled and harnessed.
For Blackfeet Indians, the forest is the natural state of the world. It is the
cities that are wild and seem to need 'taming.' For most primal peoples the
earth is so marvelous that the connotation of it requires it to be spelled in
English with a capital 'E.' How perplexing it is to discover two English
synonyms for Earth - 'soil' and 'dirt' - used to describe uncleanliness, soiled
and dirty. And how upsetting it is to discover that the word 'dirty' in English
is also used to depict obscenities!"4 What does it mean to see the world
with the conceptual framework governing Jamake Highwater's vision of the world?
By entering Highwater's world, I see a different way of relating to the earth -
a relationship characterized by awe and respect rather than ownership and
exploitation. In a film featuring Jamake Highwater, he talked about taking his
mother to New York City for her first visit and he showed her all the usual
landmarks including the famous Central Park. Central Park is like a little
oasis in the center of Manhattan with all the huge skyscrapers and the hustle
and bustle of the city surrounding it. When he asked his mother what her
impressions were, she thought for a moment and then said, "I see they even
put their trees on a reservation." In all the years that I lived in New
York, I had never really thought of it that way.
But an authentic conversation requires more than entering into the world of the
other for I could simply use that new understanding to exploit the other, or
perhaps, more benignly, to simply bring the other within my own framework of
understanding rather than expanding my understanding to include the other. I'd
like to suggest that to enter into a true conversation, I must be willing to
allow the understanding that I gain from that encounter to question my own
conventional and habitual ways of seeing - to expand the horizon of my understanding
by rendering aspects of my own world problematic as a result of that encounter.
In a very real sense a true conversation allows us to see ourselves for the
first time. We are all born into a world that acculturates and socializes us
into certain ways of seeing. Indeed, even the language we learn contains within
it the structures and categories that give meaning to our experience. Our
culture provides us with the lens - or the pair of glasses - that we use to
make the world intelligible to us. But that same pair of glasses can also trap
us from seeing the world in other ways. It becomes our frame of reference and
begins to be taken for granted to the point that its control over our
perceptions of the world is no longer seen. It becomes what we see with but
cannot see through. In fact, it begins to be experienced as natural, as part of
the natural scheme of things, rather than as a human and social construct. In
an authentic conversation with the other, the hidden assumptions and cultural
categories that have been largely taken for granted can suddenly be brought to
the surface and revealed to our consciousness as only one of many
possibilities. It can reveal ourselves to ourselves, but unfortunately, this
self-revelation is not always comfortable as any proponent in a Socratic
dialogue was soon to find out.
In fact, history has shown different responses that we make to conversations
that begin to strip the fabric of the selves that we have created, that begin
to question the certainties that we have lived by, that begin to make our
conventional ways of seeing no longer tenable for us. One response is to go
into denial - to deny the truths that are slowly coming to the surface of our
consciousness - to deny that which makes us feel uncomfortable. Another
response is to withdraw -- to retreat from the conversation completely. A third
response, and one that unfortunately happens with too great a frequency, is to
become defensive and to attack the other. But a fourth response is possible
also, if we have the courage, if we have the concern, if we have the wisdom.
There is the possibility for us and the other to reconstruct and reconstitute a
new social reality which encompasses our new understanding and provides the
conditions for a more ethical and humane existence. Indeed, the philosopher,
John Dewey equated education itself with a continuous reconstruction and
reorganization of our social experience - a reconstruction of the conditions of
our lives.5
In many ways, the notion of a conversation can be a very powerful metaphor for
the process of education itself. For education is an invitation into the
conversation of life. It is something that cannot be merely received; it must
be entered into; it must be engaged in; often it must be reclaimed, especially,
those voices that have been neglected and silenced in the past. It is a
conversation not merely about making a living, but a conversation about the
kinds of lives that are worth living and the kinds of society that can make
those lives possible.
Unfortunately, education can only invite us into the conversation; it cannot
guarantee that we accept the invitation. Too often we can go through the
motions of life without really engaging in it. We can easily begin to see our
education, for example, as an accumulation of university credits without ever
asking ourselves what we are becoming as result of our education - what we are
allowing ourselves to be influenced by. Even in the darkest moments of our own
history, too many people and too many institutions remained silent when they
should not have. Even universities offered little moral resistance to the
barbarism that engulfed much of our world in the last century. I remember a
haunting passage in George Steiner's book. Language and Silence.6
Unlike writers like Matthew Arnold who could assert confidently that our
education, especially our education in the literary and philosophical
traditions, could humanize us, Steiner was less convinced as he recalled how
easily people educated in what he called the "culture of traditional
humanism" could read the poetry of Goethe and Rilke the night before they
sent others to their deaths in gas chambers.
That was the conversation that Dr. King had with my generation as he struggled
with the injustices and the inhumanity of his time and called upon us to face
the moral blindness of our age and to fulfill this nation's dream of social
justice. It left me with the questions that I shared with this new generation
on that commencement day. I asked them to think about what our education
demands of us? Is it enough to have some knowledge of society but not feel its
injustices? To know some science but not care about the uses to which it is
put? To become technically proficient and yet be blinded to the moral context
in which our technical expertise will affect the lives of people? To understand
something about economics but not care that huge numbers of our children are
now living in poverty in this country? What is our responsibility in continuing
the conversation? What is our responsibility in awakening others to these
questions? What is our responsibility in making the institutions we enter more
responsive to human needs? What is our responsibility in elevating the public
debate in this country by raising the quality of its arguments and deepening an
understanding of its moral significance?
I told my young audience that morning that it was their conversation now --- if
they chose to enter into it -- if they chose to engage in it. I wished them
well on their journey and on the choices they would make in their lives.
One of the unknown consequences of our words as teachers is to never really
know whom we reach. I do know how I was reached that day in 1963 when I heard
the words of Martin Luther King, Jr. at my own commencement. This journal and
its blog are a testimony to that witness.
1. John Dewey, "The Future of Liberalism," in The Collected
Works. Later Works. 1934, pp. 255-277.
2. Cora Diamond, "Losing Your Concepts," Ethics 98
(January 1988): 276.
3. Jamake Highwater, The Primal Mind: Vision and Reality in Indian
America (New York: Harper and Row, 1981).
4. Ibid., p. 5.
5. John Dewey, Democracy and Education (New York: The Free
Press, 1966).
6. George Steiner. Language and Silence: Essavs on Language. Literature
and the Inhuman (New York: Atheneum, 1972).
